Nationwide WWSCAN November 2024 Update

Hi everyone,

This newsletter contains updates on the WastewaterSCAN program with wastewater samples analyzed by the lab through November 20, 2024. Below you will find information on the program in terms of participating partners, review of targets being measured, as well as current wastewater categories (low, medium, high) of the infectious disease targets.

Ali & Marlene

WastewaterSCAN Participant Stats:

• 147 plants sampling
• >39 million people covered through sampling efforts
• 40 states

The methods for our assays are in the public domain and links for these are provided at the end of the newsletter.

WastewaterSCAN Published Body of Work document:

• We are excited to share a document that provides an overview of the program’s peer-reviewed scientific literature, organized by topics and themes. Click here to access the WastewaterSCAN published body of work.

Peer-Reviewed Scientific Publications Released within the Last 3 Months:

• Human pathogen nucleic acids in wastewater solids from 191 wastewater treatment plants in the United States
• SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in US wastewater: Leading indicators and data variability analysis in 2023–2024
• Detection and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) total nucleic acids in wastewater settled solids from two California communities
• Detection of Hepatovirus A (HAV) in wastewater indicates widespread national distribution and association with socioeconomic indicators of vulnerability
• Wastewater Surveillance for Norovirus, California, USA

WastewaterSCAN FAQs:

• Frequently Asked Questions on WWSCAN Measurements of H5 Marker in Wastewater Solids
• Frequently Asked Questions on WWSCAN Measurements of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) RNA in Wastewater Solids
• Frequently Asked Questions on Measurements of Candida auris (C. auris) in Wastewater Solids

WastewaterSCAN Factsheets:

• Establishing a correlation between wastewater data and clinical data for RSV infections in the U.S.
• Using Wastewater Data to Determine Influenza Season Characteristics

SARS-CoV-2 N gene RNA median concentration across all sites in past 3 weeks was 27,428 copies/gram. For reference, the median concentration in October 2024 was 34,323 copies/gram. Below is the population weighted average SARS-CoV-2 N gene concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) is shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, SARS-CoV-2 is in the 'Low' category with aggregated measurements showing low concentrations and no statistically significant trend upward or downward over the last 3 weeks.

The Midwest is in the 'Medium' Wastewater Category due to medium concentrations but no trend in the last 3 weeks. The South is also in the 'Medium' Wastewater Category with low concentrations and an upward trend in the last 3 weeks. The Northeast is in the 'High' Wastewater Category shows an upward trend in the last 3 weeks and medium concentrations. The West is in the 'Low' Wastewater Category due to low concentrations and no trend in the last 3 weeks.

Below are the current SARS-CoV-2 wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level):

• 96 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 29 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 9 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater is available for a select number of individual sites. The sequencing protocol is available on protocol.io. The plots below show the relative proportions of different variants inferred from sequencing the entire genome of SARS-CoV-2. Results are based on sequencing of 2 samples per week, combined to provide a weekly value.

Sequencing data is also available in aggregate across all sites in WWSCAN with sequencing data. That plot is shown below and also suggests that KP.3 (shown in light blue) is the most abundant variant across all sites (76.4%) followed by KP.2 (shown in slate blue) (11.5%) and JN.1.11 (shown in dark green) (6.1%).

Influenza A (IAV) RNA was detected in ~43% of samples in past 3 weeks. IAV RNA median concentration across all sites in the past 3 weeks was below the limit of detection. For reference, the median concentration in October 2024 was below the limit of detection as well. Below is the population weighted average IAV concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) is shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, Influenza A is in the 'Low' Wastewater Category with <50% of sites showing onset of IAV in wastewater. 24 sites across the WWSCAN network are in seasonal onset for IAV.

Below are the current Influenza A wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level when in seasonal onset):

• 110 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 8 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 16 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

H1 Marker in Influenza A (IAV) We are temporarily pausing the influenza H1 assay while we prepare a new assay. We hope to be able to resume H1 testing within the next two months. Over the summer, we noted that the RNA sequence in the region of the H1N1 HA gene that the H1 assay targets mutated. There were a large number of influenza A H1N1 sequences added to public databases over the summer that made it possible to observe these changes; sequencing of isolates occurred more often than normal over the summer due to the H5N1 outbreak. The sequences in certain regions of viral genomes can evolve rapidly and influenza A is known to be a virus that does evolve and change over time. As part of our ongoing efforts, WastewaterSCAN actively monitors changing sequences for all of our targets, ensuring the assays continue to be sensitive and specific.

H3 Marker in Influenza A (IAV) Since we started monitoring for the H3 marker in influenza A, 11 WastewaterSCAN sites have seen positive detections. You can find a heat map of positive detections here.

H5 Marker in Influenza A (IAV) As of November 20, 2024, monitoring for the H5 marker in influenza A, 50 WastewaterSCAN sites have seen positive detections. You can find a heat map of positive detections here.

Influenza B (IBV) RNA was detected in ~5.7% of samples in past 3 weeks. IBV RNA median concentration across all sites in the last 3 weeks was below the limit of detection. Below the population-weighted average IBV RNA concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) is shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, Influenza B is in the 'Low' Wastewater Category with <50% of sites showing onset of IBV in wastewater.

Below are the current Influenza B wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level when in seasonal onset):

• 134 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) RSV RNA was detected in ~44% of samples in past 3 weeks. RSV RNA median concentration across all sites in the last 3 weeks was below the limit of detection. Below the population-weighted average RSV RNA concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) is shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, RSV is in the 'Low' Wastewater Category, with <50% of sites showing onset of RSV in wastewater. 22 sites across the WWSCAN network are in seasonal onset for RSV (with most of these sites being in the South).

Below are the current RSV wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level when in seasonal onset):

• 112 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 2 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 20 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

HMPV (human metapneumovirus) RNA median concentrations across all sites in the last 3 weeks was below the level of detection. HMPV RNA was detected in ~10% of samples in the last 3 weeks. Below is the population weighted average HMPV RNA concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, HMPV is in the 'LOW' Wastewater Category with <50% of sites showing onset of HMPV in wastewater.

Below are the current HMPV wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level):

• 134 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) RNA was detected in ~57% of samples collected in the last 3 weeks across WWSCAN sites and the median concentration across all sites was 3,436 copies/gram (for reference median concentration in October 2024 was 7,136 copies/gram). Below is the population-weighted average EV-D68 RNA(normalized by PMMoV) shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, EV-D68 is in the 'Low' Wastewater Category with <50% sites showing onset of EV-D68 in wastewater.

Below are the current EV-D68 wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by the frequency of detection):

• 79 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 55 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Norovirus GII (HuNoV GII) RNA was detected in 99.9% of samples analyzed in the last 3 weeks. The median concentrations across all sites in the last 3 weeks is 9,287,131 copies/gram (for reference median concentration in October 2024 was 5,230,530 copies/gram). Below is the population weighted average HuNoV GII RNA concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country over the last 365 days.

Nationally, Norovirus is in the 'High' Wastewater Category with aggregated measurements showing high concentrations and a significant upward trend over the last 3 weeks.

Below are the current Norovirus wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level):

• 22 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 47 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 65 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Rotavirus RNA was detected in ~75% of samples analyzed in the last 3 weeks. The median concentrations across all sites in the last 3 weeks is 12,024 copies/gram. For reference, the median concentration in October 2024 was 5,281 copies/gram. Below the popluation-weighted average Rotavirus RNA concentrations (normalized by PMMoV) is shown in black from all participating WWSCAN sites across the country.

Rotavirus is in the 'Medium' Wastewater Category nationally with aggregated measurements showing medium concentrations with a no significant upward or downward trend in the last 3 weeks.

Below are the current Rotavirus wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level):

• 91 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 26 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 17 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Mpox clade II DNA - There were no positive detections of Mpox clade II in the last 3 weeks. Nationally, Mpox clade II is in the 'Low' category due to limited detections.

Below are the Mpox clade II wastewater categories for all WastewaterSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by the frequency of detection):

• 131 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 16 do not have enough data to calculate

Candida auris (C.auris) DNA - We have detected C. auris DNA in ~2.5% of samples from all WWSCAN sites in the last 3 weeks. Nationally, C. auris is in the 'Low' category due to limited detections.

The chart below shows plants in Texas as rows, and days as columns (labeled at the bottom axis). White indicates no samples, blue is non-detect for C. auris DNA and red is detect for C. auris DNA.

Below are the C. auris wastewater categories for all WastewaterSCAN sites (recall the category is determined by the frequency of detection):

• 129 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 5 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Hepatitis A (Hep A) RNA - We have detected Hep A RNA in ~14.6% of samples from all WWSCAN sites in the last 3 weeks. Nationally, HepA is in 'Low' category due to limited detections.

The chart below shows each WWSCAN plant in SF Bay Area as rows, and days as columns (labeled at the bottom axis). White indicates no samples, blue is a non-detect for Hep A RNA and red is a detection for Hep A RNA.

Below are the current HepA wastewater categories for all WWSCAN sites (the category is determined by the frequency of detection):

• 115 are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• 19 are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• 0 are in the HIGH Wastewater Category
• 13 do not have enough data to calculate

Protocols (Pre-analytical methods and SARS-CoV-2 analytical methods including controls):

• High Throughput RNA Extraction and PCR Inhibitor Removal of Settled Solids for Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
• High Throughput pre-analytical processing of wastewater settled solids for SARS-CoV-2 RNA analyses
• Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations (HV69-70, E484K/N501Y, del156-157/R158G, del143-145, LPPA24S, S:477-505, and ORF1a Del 141-143) in settled solids using digital RT-PCR
• High Throughput SARS-COV-2, PMMoV, and BCoV quantification in settled solids using digital RT-PCR

Pre-prints and peer-reviewed publications provided WWSCAN methods: 

• SARS-CoV-2 
• Influenza, Human metapneumovirus, Respiratory syncytial virus, Human parainfluenza
• Mpox clade II
• Norovirus GII
• Adenovirus group F, Rotavirus
• Candida auris
• Hepatitis A
• Enterovirus D68

If you have questions about the website or anything else, please email: wwscan_stanford_emory@lists.stanford.edu