SCAN Weekly Update - 10/11/23

This blog post describes data collected at 8 wastewater treatment plants in the Greater Bay Area of San Francisco, CA, including Sacramento, that are partners in the SCAN project which began in late 2020. The SCAN plants are a subset of the WastewaterSCAN plants.

‌All samples picked up by the couriers as of 10/10/23 have been processed and their data are on the site: data.wastewaterscan.org. Please email Amanda Bidwell at albidwel@stanford.edu if you identify any bugs on the site. ‌

WastewaterSCAN uses a Wastewater Categorization system to communicate important insights from recent wastewater results. Research shows that the measurements we make in wastewater are related to disease in the community. The wastewater categorization helps us quickly understand if the recent measurements for a disease fall into a low, medium, or high category and are determined based on a combination of the following variables:

• Trends indicate whether wastewater concentrations of pathogens have been changing significantly (i.e., increasing or decreasing) for each location over the last 21 days
• Levels indicate whether wastewater concentrations are relatively lower or higher at each location compared to national concentrations of each pathogen (i.e., upper third, middle third, or lower third, as measured over the last year)
• Frequency of detection indicates how often a pathogen is detected in wastewater for each location over a recent time period (e.g., the last 10 days)

The new Wastewater Categorization system can now be accessed on the map view of the data.wastewaterscan.org site!

The Wastewater Categories are applied slightly differently for three archetypes of diseases:

• Pathogens that are commonly detected (regardless of season) - SARS-CoV-2, Norovirus, and ‘peak season’ Respiratory pathogens (IAV, RSV, HMPV)
• Seasonal pathogens (rarely detected outside of season/outbreaks) - IAV, RSV, HMPV

The methodology used to determine seasonal Onset vs Offset using raw target concentrations (not PMMoV Normalized) for individual sites is as follows:

The onset dates of IAV, RSV, and HMPV wastewater events are identified as the first day for which all samples in a 14 day look back period had concentrations higher than or equal to 2,000 copies/g, which is approximately twice the lowest detectable concentration. Once IAV, RSV, or HMPV are onset, the method for 'commonly detected pathogens' (see above) is used to determine the wastewater categorization.

The offset dates of IAV, RSV, and HMPV wastewater events were identified as the first day after an onset event for which only 50% of samples during a 14-d look back period have concentrations higher than or equal to 2,000 copies/g. When one of these signals is in offset, it is assign a ‘LOW’ categorization.

• Pathogens that are not commonly detected (regardless of season) - Mpox

SARS-CoV-2 N gene concentrations are between 10,000 and ~1,000,000 copies/g. Below is a chart that highlights the centered, 5-d trimmed average values for Palo Alto (yellow) compared to the population weighted average across the SCAN plants (black) since the beginning of June.

Below are the current SARS-CoV-2 wastewater categories for the SCAN sites (recall the category is determined by both the trend and the level):

• Gilroy, SVCW, Sacramento, and Sunnyvale are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• San Jose, and Southeast SF are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category
• Oceanside SF and Palo Alto are in the HIGH Wastewater Category

Below are all the data from all the SCAN plants for the last two years. You can access the graph here. The population weighted average across the SCAN plants is shown in black.

Below are plots from Oceanside, Sacramento, and San Jose showing the relative proportions of different variants inferred from sequencing the entire genome of SARS-CoV-2. Samples with low coverage are not being displayed in the plots (this explains the empty column for San Jose). In the most recent samples, you can see that that Oceanside SF had over 50% while San Jose had ~50% of the sublineage EG.5 (in orange). In the most recent sample, Sacramento had >25% of the sublineage EG.5. Note that the sequencing data are always from samples taken between 1- 2 weeks ago. We have not detected BA.2.86 in any SCAN samples yet.

Influenza A (IAV) RNA concentrations have recently decreased across SCAN sites, as can be seen below. In the chart below, the population weighted average line across all the SCAN plants is shown in black for all SCAN plants since June. Two sites have met the benchmark for onset (Sacramento and Palo Alto).

Below are the current IAV wastewater categories for the SCAN sites:

• Gilroy, Oceanside SF, San Jose, SVCW, Southeast SF and Sunnyvale are in the LOW Wastewater Category (not in onset)
• Palo Alto and Sacramento are in the HIGH Wastewater Category (in onset)

In the chart below, the population weighted average line across all the SCAN plants is shown in black for the full time series. The link to the chart below is here if you would like to interact with it.‌

Below is a chart showing the National Levels benchmarks superimposed on the IAV data from the SCAN sites since the beginning of 2023 (you can access this chart here). ‌Currently, most SCAN sites have IAV concentrations in the middle third level. Sunnyvale has IAV concentrations in the upper third level.

RSV RNA concentrations have increased for most SCAN sites since the beginning of September, as can be seen below. In the chart, the population weighted average line across all the SCAN plants is shown in black for all SCAN plants since June. Five sites have met the benchmark for onset (Palo Alto, San Jose, Southeast SF, Sunnyvale, and Oceanside SF).

Below are the current RSV wastewater categories for the SCAN sites:

• Gilroy, SVCW, and Sacramento are in the LOW Wastewater Category (not in onset)
• Oceanside SF, Palo Alto, San Jose, Southeast SF, and Sunnyvale are in the HIGH Wastewater Category (in onset)

In the chart below, the population weighted average line across all the SCAN plants is shown in black since last winter. The link to the chart below is here if you would like to interact with it.

Below is a chart showing the National Levels benchmarks superimposed on the RSV data from the SCAN sites since the beginning of 2023 (you can access this chart here). ‌Currently, Redwood City and Sacramento are in the middle third and all other SCAN sites have RSV concentrations in the upper third level.

‌HMPV (human metapneumovirus) RNA concentrations are low at most of plants in SCAN. The population weighted average line is shown in black. Below are charts showing data from all the SCAN plants together (link here to this chart if you want to interact with it). ‌

Currently all SCAN sites are in the 'LOW' category for HMPV.

Below is a chart showing the National Levels benchmarks superimposed on the HMPV data from the SCAN sites since the beginning of 2023. (You can access the chart here.) Currently all SCAN sites have HMPV concentrations in the middle third level.

EV-D68 RNA was sporadically detected in samples collected in the last 21 days at most SCAN sites. The heat map below shows all the SCAN sites as a row, and each date as a column since monitoring began in July. Redwood City, Gilroy, and Sacramento have had few detects for EV-D68 RNA in the past 21 days. The color blue means the sample was non-detect for EV-D68 RNA and the colors get darker with higher concentrations. White indicates no sample was collected. You can access the chart here.‌ EV-D68 is believed to occur biennially, and we saw it last year, as described in this preprint (which was just accepted to Emerging Infectious Disease).

Parainfluenza RNA has been detected in most samples collected from SCAN sites. The population weighted average line is shown in black. You can access the chart here.‌

Norovirus GII RNA concentrations are detected at all sites, but are lower than they were last spring when they were at a height. The plot below shows the PMMoV-normalized concentrations since last February at the SCAN sites. The black line is the population weighted average across the sites.

Below are the current Norovirus wastewater categories for the SCAN sites:

• SVCW, Gilroy, Palo Alto, and San Jose are in the LOW Wastewater Category
• Oceanside SF, Southeast SF, Sacramento, and Sunnyvale are in the MEDIUM Wastewater Category

Below is a chart showing the National Levels benchmarks superimposed on the HuNoV GII data from the SCAN sites since the beginning of 2023. (You can access the chart here.) Currently all SCAN sites HuNoV GII concentrations in the lower third level.

‌Rotavirus RNA concentrations are shown in the chart below; all the SCAN plants are shown together. The population weighted average line is shown in black. You can interact with the chart of all the plants at here.‌

Human Adenovirus Group F DNA concentrations are shown in the chart below; all the SCAN plants are shown together. The population weighted average line is shown in black. You can interact with the chart of all the plants here.‌

‌‌

Mpox DNA was mostly non-detect in the last 21 days for SCAN plants except for Southeast SF and Sacramento which have had sporadic detects over the past 21 days. The heat map below shows all the SCAN sites as a row, and each date as a column. The color blue means that MPXV DNA was not detected in the sample, and the colors get darker with higher concentrations. White indicates no sample was collected. The chart shows all the data we have collected. You can access the chart here.

Currently all SCAN sites are in the 'LOW' category for Mpox

Candida auris DNA was not detected in most samples collected in the last 21 days at SCAN sites. The heat map below shows all the SCAN sites as a row, and each date as a column for all data collected since monitoring began in July. The color blue means that Candida auris DNA was not detected in the sample, and the colors get darker with higher concentrations. White indicates no sample was collected. You can access the chart here.‌

Hepatitis A RNA was sporadically detected in samples collected in the last 21 days at most SCAN sites. However, throughout the full monitoring period so far, San Jose has had mostly detects for Hepatitis A RNA while Gilroy and Oceanside SF have had mostly non-detects. The heat map below shows all the SCAN sites as a row, and each date as a column for all data collected since monitoring began in July. The color blue means that Hepatitis A RNA was not detected in the sample, and the colors get darker with higher concentrations. White indicates no sample was collected. You can access the chart here.‌